C++20 introduces a new atomic memory order: std::memory_order::consume, more commonly known as std::memory_order_consume, What is this guy?

The consume memory order is a weaker form of acquire. Whereas acquire prevents all future memory accesses from being ordered ahead of the load, the consume order only prevents dependent future memory accesses from being reorder ahead of the load.

In all the examples, let’s assume global variables declared and initialized as

int v1 = 1;
int v2 = 2;
std::atomic<int*> p{ &v1 };

Okay, let’s do some consuming.

auto sample_consume()
{
    auto q = p.load(std::memory_order_consume);
    return *q + v2;
}

The compiler is required to read the value from p into q, and any future calculations depending on that value must occur after the load.

This reordering is allowed:

auto sample_consume_allowed()
{
    auto prefetch2 = v2;
    auto q = p.load(std::memory_order_consume);
    return *q + prefetch2;
}

The value of v2 is not dependent on what was loaded from p. Therefore, the compiler and processor are permitted to advance the fetch of v2 ahead of the load of p. Note that an acquire load of p would have prohibited this reordering, since acquire loads block all future memory access, even if unrelated to the value being acquired.

However, this reordering of the above code is not allowed:

auto sample_consume_disallowed()
{
    auto speculate1 = v1;
    auto q = p.load(std::memory_order_consume);
    if (q == &v1) return speculate1 + v2;
    return *q + v2;
}

This speculation lets the code hide the memory latency of accessing v1 behind the load of p, and a compiler might choose to take advantage of this based on profiling feedback, and a processor might do it unilaterally because processors like to do speculative things nowadays. This would be allowed if the load from p were relaxed.

However, the consume memory order prohibits this transformation: The value loaded from p is dereferenced, and that dereference operation is dependent upon the value that was loaded, so the consume memory order requires that the dereference occur after the load.

Here’s a table, because people like tables.

The consume memory order is not used much. Atomic variables are typically tied to other variables in ways that don’t show up in expression dependency graphs, such as for use as mutual exclusion locks. The acquire memory order is much more commonly used than consume.