Let’s look at a variety of Windows Runtime methods that accept and receive IReference<T> for various types T.
namespace Contoso
{
enum CustomEnum
{
Circle,
Square,
};
struct CustomStruct
{
Int32 Value1;
Double Value2;
};
runtimeclass References
{
// Producers
Windows.Foundation.IReference<Double> M1();
Windows.Foundation.IReference<CustomEnum> M2();
Windows.Foundation.IReference<CustomStruct> M3();
// Consumers
void M4(Windows.Foundation.IReference<Double> value);
void M5(Windows.Foundation.IReference<CustomEnum> value);
void M6(Windows.Foundation.IReference<CustomStruct> value);
}
}
Okay, let’s look at the first set of methods, the producers.
namespace winrt::Contoso::implementation
{
using Windows::Foundation::IReference;
using Windows::Foundation::PropertyValue;
struct References : ReferencesT<References>
{
IReference<double> M1()
{
// Group 1
return PropertyValue::CreateDouble(42.0)
.as<IReference<double>>()
// Group 2
return IReference<double>(42.0);
return IReference(42.0);
return 42.0;
// Group 3
return IReference<double>(nullptr);
return nullptr;
}
};
}
One way to produce an IReference<T> is to ask another object to do it for you, in this case, the Windows.. This works for the basic arithmetic types, strings, and a few foundational structures, and arrays of those things.
Group 2 shows a simpler alternative: Construct the IReference<T> from the desired value. The first version spells everything out explicitly. The second version uses class template argument deduction (commonly abbreviated as CTAD) to avoid having to specify the <T>, and the third version uses the fact that the IReference<T> is implicitly convertible from the value, so you don’t need to say anything at all!
Dirty little secret: Group 2 is not doing anything different Group 1. It’s just a very convenient shorthand.
The third group shows how to return the null reference, indicating that there is no value at all. If you like to type, you can spell out the null reference constructor the long way, but you are more likely to use the implicit conversion from nullptr.
Usually, you aren’t hard-coding a value or non-value, but instead are checking if a value exists, and either returning a reference to that value, or a null reference.
struct References : ReferencesT<References>
{
std::optional<double> m_value;
IReference<double> M1()
{
if (m_value) {
// Group 1
return PropertyValue::CreateDouble(m_value.value())
.as<IReference<double>>()
// Group 2
return IReference<double>(m_value.value());
return IReference(m_value.value());
return m_value.value();
} else {
// Group 3
return IReference<double>(nullptr);
return nullptr;
}
}
};
For enumerations and structures, you can’t use the PropertyValue trick because the PropertyValue does not have a factory method for enumerations and structures. You have to use Group 2, which detects that you’re using a custom enumeration or structure and provides a corresponding custom implementation of IPropertyValue.
struct References : ReferencesT<References>
{
std::optional<CustomEnum> m_enumValue;
std::optional<CustomStruct> m_structValue;
IReference<CustomEnum> M2()
{
if (m_value) {
// Group 1
// return PropertyValue::CreateEnum(m_value.value())
// .as<IReference<CustomEnum>>()
// Group 2
return IReference<CustomEnum>(m_value.value());
return IReference(m_value.value());
return m_value.value();
} else {
// Group 3
return IReference<CustomEnum>(nullptr);
return nullptr;
}
}
IReference<CustomEnum> M3()
{
if (m_value) {
// Group 1
// return PropertyValue::CreateStruct(m_value.value())
// .as<IReference<CustomStruct>>()
// Group 2
return IReference<CustomStruct>(m_value.value());
return IReference(m_value.value());
return m_value.value();
} else {
// Group 3
return IReference<CustomStruct>(nullptr);
return nullptr;
}
}
};
If your value is being kept in a std::optional already, then you can take advantage of the implicit conversions between IReference<T> and std::optional<T>, added in version 2.0.210930.8. An empty std::optional corresponds to a null IReference, and a std::optional with a value corresponds to a non-null IReference.
struct References : ReferencesT<References>
{
std::optional<double> m_value;
std::optional<CustomEnum> m_enumValue;
std::optional<CustomStruct> m_structValue;
IReference<CustomEnum> M1()
{
return m_value;
}
IReference<CustomEnum> M2()
{
return m_enumValue;
}
IReference<CustomEnum> M3()
{
return m_structValue;
}
};
Furthermore, thanks to the magic of the curiously recurring template pattern (CRTP), your methods can just return std::optional and let the projection do the work of converting it to an IReference. And since the return type now matches the variable type, you can use auto and save yourself a lot of typing.
struct References : ReferencesT<References>
{
std::optional<double> m_value;
std::optional<CustomEnum> m_enumValue;
std::optional<CustomStruct> m_structValue;
auto M1() { return m_value; }
auto M2() { return m_enumValue; }
auto M3() { return m_structValue; }
};
When receiving a value as a parameter, you check if the parameter is null to detect the null reference, and if it’s not, you use the Value() method to extract the value:
struct References : ReferencesT<References>
{
void M4(IReference<double> const& value)
{
if (value) {
ConsumeValue(value.Value());
} else {
NoValue();
}
}
void M5(IReference<CustomEnum> const& value)
{
if (value) {
ConsumeValue(value.Value());
} else {
NoValue();
}
}
void M6(IReference<CustomStruct> const& value)
{
if (value) {
ConsumeValue(value.Value());
} else {
NoValue();
}
}
};
And again, you can take advantage of the implicit conversion and CRTP and just operate with std::optional.
struct References : ReferencesT<References>
{
void M4(std::optional<double> const& value)
{
ConsumeValue(value.value_or(42.0));
}
void M5(std::optional<CustomEnum> const& value)
{
ConsumeValue(value.value_or(CustomEnum::Square));
}
void M6(std::optional<CustomStruct> const& value)
{
ConsumeValue(value.value_or({});
}
};
Bonus chatter: If you’re going to retain the IReference that is passed to a method, you should re-wrap it inside your own IReference or std::optional because the passed-in IReference may come with strings attached. For example, it may have come from JavaScript, which is a single-threaded language, and that means that you can’t use the passed-in IReference from a background thread. The caller might also try pulling some sneaky tricks, like having the Value() method return a different value each time you call it!
struct References : ReferencesT<References>
{
IReference<double> m_savedValue;
void M4(IReference<double> const& value)
{
// Re-wrap the IReference to avoid shenanigans.
m_savedValue = value ? value.Value() : nullptr;
}
};
Another way to wrap the value is inside a std::optional.
struct References : ReferencesT<References>
{
std::optional<double> m_savedValue;
void M4(IReference<double> const& value)
{
m_savedValue = value;
}
};
Bonus bonus chatter: A customer who wanted to produce an IReference didn’t realize that C++/WinRT came with pre-made implementations, so they tried to create their own:
// Don't do this.
template<typename Enum>
struct enum_reference :
implements<enum_reference,
IReference<Enum>>
{
enum_reference(Enum value)
: m_value(value) {}
Enum Value() { return m_value; }
private:
Enum const m_value;
};
IReference<CustomEnum> M1()
{
return winrt::make<enum_reference>
(CustomEnum::Circle);
}
This works according to the letter of the IReference interface, but it misses some finer points which are required in practice.
For example, in practice, objects which implement IReference<Enum> also need to implement IPropertyValue so that weakly-typed languages can use IPropertyValue::Type() to peek inside and realize that they have a numeric type, even if that numeric type is a custom enumeration. They also need to implement IReference<T> where T is the underlying type of the enumeration (either int32_t for plain enumerations or (either uint32_t for flags enumerations) so that the receipient can represent it as a Number type.
In general, you should use the C++/WinRT implementations, which have already been carefully written to address these subtleties.
Next time, we’ll look at the C++/WinRT implementation of IReference<T> to see how it works. (In fact, that’s how I figured out the rules for IReference<T>: Read the implementation and then reverse-engineer the rules that allow the implementation to work.)
0 comments