We have received a fair amount of feedback regarding a number of use cases where it would be beneficial to enable a client of a data service to “batch” up a group of operations and send them to the data service in a single HTTP request. This reduces the number of roundtrips to the data service for apps that need to make numerous requests to the data service to perform a given action and allows a set of operations to be logically grouped together.
Below is the design we have landed on. Note: We will have something close to this design in our next CTP/Beta release of Astoria, but its not quite there yet.
Background
The base ADO.NET Data Services Framework semantics provide two mechanisms to query and send updates to a data service. From a high-level they are:
Query:
1) Send an HTTP GET request to a URI representing a resource (or set of resources) and receive in the response a representation of the resource (or set of resources). Example: a GET request to /Customers(1) returns a single customer entity in the response
2) Same as #1, but add the $expand query string operator to the request to request resources related to the resource(s) specified in the request URI be returned in the response as well. Example: a GET request to /Products(1)?expand=Category, Parts returns product #1 as well as the Parts and Category associated the product in the response
Update:
1) Insert / update / delete a single resource per HTTP request by sending POST, PUT or DELETE requests to a data service
2) Insert a new resource and related resources in a single request. Example: a POST to /Customers can insert a Customer and related Orders in a single request by inlining the related orders in the request body
Why do we need batching?
Now assume you have the following situation: Single “Save” button per page in my RIA line of business application: Contoso Solutions is building an online Silverlight-based order entry system for its salesforce. Any given sale requires a number of entities within the data service be inserted and/or updated. Some of the entities are associated via navigation properties while others have no relation to the other entities being acted on as part of processing the sale. The user experience contoso wants to enable is to paint the full order processing information on a single screen and include a “save changes” button at the bottom to persist all the updates made to create the order.
In this case, the $expand operation cannot be used to pull down all the data to paint the order entry screen in a single HTTP request. Also, the update operations cannot easily be persisted as an atomic set of operations to the underlying data store.
Batching Design
To support batching, ADO.NET Data Services has added a new $batch URI which will accept batch requests and return batch responses. Logically a batch request is a group of 0 or more QueryOperations and 0 or more ChangeSet operations. QueryOperations are analogous to a simple “non batch” query request. ChangeSet operations are just a group of unordered, atomic CUD (update,insert&delete) operations (ie. all operations succeed or none do).
Now that we have the logical model (Batch is a collection of ordered QueryOps and ChangeSets), we needed a wire representation. After a bit of exploring various ways to represent batches in ATOM, JSON , etc, Yaron Goland pointed out to us there is already a well defined way to represent multiple HTTP requests in a single request using multipart/mixed MIME messages and the mime type application/http. This turned out to be just what we needed and enables us to easily encapsulate binary and text based content in a request or response. Also, it looks like using multipart/mime for batching has been explored (with pretty positive feedback) a number of times in the blogosphere, so perhaps we’ll all land on something generally applicable. Instead of describing this, lets just look at an example.
Example – Batch Request:
The example assumes the batch request is sent to a data service located at: http://foo.com/dataservice.svc
The Batch example contains the following operations (in order):
- A Change Set which contains the following operations in order:
- POST operation
- PUT operation
- A Query Operation
- A Query Operation
Note:
- Outer HTTP Request elements & batch boundaries are shown in blue
- Query Operations are shown in green
- Change Sets are shown in red
POST /dataservice.svc/$batch HTTP/1.1
Host: foo.com
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=batch(36522ad7-fc75-4b56-8c71-56071383e77b)
–batch(36522ad7-fc75-4b56-8c71-56071383e77b)
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=changeset(77162fcd-b8da-41ac-a9f8-9357efbbd621)
Content-Length: ###
–changeset(77162fcd-b8da-41ac-a9f8-9357efbbd621)
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding:binary
POST /dataservice.svc/Categories HTTP/1.1
Host: foo.com
Content-Type: application/atom+xml;type=entry
Content-Length: ###
<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”utf-8″ standalone=”yes”?>
<entry xmlns:d=”http://schemas.microsoft.com/ado/…”
xmlns:m=”http://schemas.microsoft.com/ado/…/metadata”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom”>
…
<content type=”application/xml”>
<d:CategoryName>Software</d:CategoryName>
<d:Description d:null=”true” />
<d:Picture d:null=”true” />
</content>
</entry>
–changeset(77162fcd-b8da-41ac-a9f8-9357efbbd621)
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding:binary
PUT /Categories(5) HTTP/1.1
Host: foo.com
Content-Type: application/atom+xml;type=entry
If-Match: xxxxx
Content-Length: ###
<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”utf-8″ standalone=”yes”?>
<entry xmlns:d=”http://schemas.microsoft.com/ado/…”
xmlns:m=”http://schemas.microsoft.com/ado/…/metadata”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom”>
…
<content type=”application/xml”>
<d:CategoryID>5</d:CategoryID>
<d:CategoryName>UpdateCategoryName</d:CategoryName>
</content>
</entry>
–changeset(77162fcd-b8da-41ac-a9f8-9357efbbd621)–
–batch(36522ad7-fc75-4b56-8c71-56071383e77b)
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding:binary
GET /Categories(5) HTTP/1.1
Host: foo.com
–batch(36522ad7-fc75-4b56-8c71-56071383e77b)
Content-Type: application/http
Content-Transfer-Encoding:binary
Operation: GET /Categories(6)
Host: foo.com
–batch(36522ad7-fc75-4b56-8c71-56071383e77b)–
Batch Response
Now that we have seen what a request looks like, the response is pretty much the mirror image of the request (also uses multipart/mime), with a mime part containing the associated HTTP response for each operation in the batch request. The exception to this rule is for responses to ChangeSets. Since ChangeSets are atomic if an operation in the set fails, the response for the ChangeSet is a single HTTP response instead of a nested multipart/mixed collection of responses.
This is already getting a bit long, so I’ll cut this off here. In a future post we’ll walk through an end to end request + response and talk about how to cross reference operations within a batch request. What do you think so far? Are we overlooking/missing something?
Mike Flasko
ADO.NET Data Services, Program Manager
This post is part of the transparent design exercise in the Astoria Team. To understand how it works and how your feedback will be used please look at this post.
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